Clara Kingsley (Big) Blackhawk (KeesKawWinKah) carries her son Andrew John (Big) Blackhawk (WaConChaHoNoKah) on her back. They are posed sitting in front of a painted backdrop. The child wears a fur hat, and she has on long earrings, and a necklace. Quarter-length studio portrait of a woman in Ho-Chunk regalia wrapped in a blanket, with a child on her back.

Large areas of land were ceded in agreements with the federal government, followed by a long period of removal starting in the 1820s.The Black Hawk War of 1832 and a series of treaties forced the Winnebago out of their homeland, and they were removed to reservations in Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, and finally to a portion of the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska.With each removal (totalling eleven), small bands of Winnebago returned to Wisconsin, with the largest settlement in Jackson County.Įnlarge Portrait of Ho-Chunk Woman and Child, 1887 ca.

Miners continued to invade Ho-Chunk land, even after leaders signed peace treaties with the federal government. The Ho-Chunk were prominent supporters of Tecumseh’s pan-Indian rebellion and the War of 1812. In the late 1700s white miners, encouraged by the federal government after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, began encroaching on Ho-Chunk territory to extract valuable lead for ammunition from the Fever River Valley. Loss of territory to Anishinabe tribes starting in the 1500s was a large factor in the Ho-Chunk separating into groups, leading to economic dependence on European goods and a decline in population. Winnebago Indians called themselves 'Hochungra,' meaning 'People of the Big Voice.' A Siouan people, they once occupied the southern half of Wisconsin and the northern counties of Illinois. View the original source document: WHI 45746

A Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) man and child inside a wigwam with the sides rolled up.

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